Abstract Background Black pepper is one of the most popular spices globally. As black pepper essential oil has not yet been used in the context of aromatherapy. this study examined the effect of black pepper aroma on cardiac and peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity under stressful conditions using an olfactometer to administer aroma in a precise and controlled manner to ... https://www.atlanticknifers.shop/product-category/backpacks/